dsp
The manipulation or analysis of any signal (such as sound, pictures, radio waves) by a digital computer sound recording.
A specialized digital microprocessor that performs calculations on digitized signals that were originally analog, and then forwards the results. The big advantage of DSPs lies in their programmability. DSPs can be used to compress voice signals to as little as 4,800 bps. DSPs are an integral part of all voice processing systems and fax machines.
A digital signal processor (DSP) is a specialized microprocessor designed specifically for digital signal processing, generally in real-time.
Separate program and data memories (Harvard architecture).
Special Instructions for SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) operations.
Only parallel processing, no multitasking.
The ability to act as a direct memory access device if in a host environment.
Takes digital data from ADC (Analog-Digital Converter) and passes out data which is finally output by converting into analog by DAC (Digital-Analog Converter).
Saturation arithmetic, in which operations that produce overflows will accumulate at the maximum (or minimum) values that the register can hold rather than wrapping around (maximum+1 doesn't equal minimum as in many general-purpose CPUs, instead it stays at maximum). Sometimes various sticky bits operation modes are available.
Multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations, which is good for any kind of matrix operation, such as convolution for filtering, Dot product, or even polynomial evaluation (see Horner scheme, also Fused multiply-add). Single cycle MAC is an assumption in many DSPs, thus a lot of the following properties are derived (esp. Harvard architecture and pipelining).
Specialized instructions for modulo addressing in ring buffers and bit-reversed addressing mode for FFT cross-referencing.
Deep pipelining. That makes wrong predicted branches costly, but increases the throughput of the system.
Branch prediction. Either with a dynamic table or hard coded as zero-overhead looping. To alleviate the branch impact for execution hi-frequent inner-loops, some processors provide this feature. There are two types of operation: single instruction repeating and multi-instruction loops.
In 1978, Intel released the 2920 as an "analog signal processor". It had an on-chip ADC/DAC with an internal signal processor, but it didn't have a hardware multiplier and was not successful in the market. In 1979, AMI released the S2811. It was designed as a microprocessor peripheral, and it had to be initialized by the host. The S2811 was likewise not successful in the market.
In 1979, Bell Labs introduced the first single chip DSP, the Mac 4 Microprocessor. Then, in 1980 the first stand-alone, complete DSPs -- the NEC çPD7720 and AT&T DSP1 -- were presented at the IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference '80. Both processors were inspired by the research in PSTN telecommunications.
The Altamira DX-1 was another early DSP, utilizing a quad integer pipelines with delayed branches and branch prediction.
The first DSP produced by Texas Instruments (TI), the TMS32010 presented in 1983, proved to be an even bigger success, and TI is now the market leader in general purpose DSPs. Another successful design was the Motorola 56000.
General purpose CPU's have ideas and influences from digital signal processors with Extensions such as the MMX extensions in the Intel IA-32 architecture instruction set (ISA).
Most DSPs use fixed-point arithmetic, because in real world signal processing, the additional range provided by floating point is not needed, and there is a large speed benefit; however, floating point DSPs are common for scientific and other applications where additional range or precision may be required.
List of telephony terms:
3gpp - a-law - abbreviated dialing - adsl - ani - answering machine - apn - automatic ring back - b-channel - baud - bell 202 modem - bit rate - bonding - bri - busy signal - cable modem - call-progress tones - call accounting - call capture - call forwarding - call originator - call park - call pick-up - call transfer - call waiting - call waiting deluxe - called party - caller id - caller id spoofing - calling party - carrier wave - cbr - ccitt - cdma - cdma2000 - cellular repeater - celp - channel - clec - clock rate - codec - collect call - conference - conference call - crc - csd - d-channel - data compression - device driver - dial-up - dial - dial tone - direct-inward-dialing - direct distance dialing - distinctive ring - dnis - dsl - dsp - dtmf - dtr - duplex - echo cancellation - edge - extension - fax - fcc - fdma - fidonet - follow-me - g.711 - g.723.1 - g.723 - g.726 - g.lite - gprs - gps - gsm - h.323 - harmonic - headphones - hscsd - hspda - iad - idsn - internet call waiting - isp - ivr - jack plug - local loop - long distance - microcontroller - mobile phone - modem - modulation - mu-law - music-on-hold - night service - off-hook - on-hook - pabx - pager - payphone - pbx - pcm - pots - prank call - precise tone plan - pstn - pulse dialling - push to talk - ring modulation - ring tone - ringback - ringing signal - rj11 - roaming - serial communications - serial port - signal noise - sim - simplex - sit - sms - softmodem - switchboard operator - tapi - tdma - telecommunications - telemarketing - telephone - telephone call - telephone card - telephone company - telephone exchange - telephone line - telephone number - telephone numbering plan - telephone operator - telephone switchboard - telephony - tts - twisted pair - umts - v.32 - v.32bis - v.34 - v.42bis - vbr - vertical service code - voicemail - voip - vox - wap - wav - wi-fi - wimax - wire
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